21 research outputs found

    Preoperative short-course radiotherapy versus combined radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: a multi-centre prospectively randomised study of the Berlin Cancer Society

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    BACKGROUND: The additional use of radiotherapy has changed the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) dramatically. But a major achievement has been the development of total mesorectal excision (TME) as a surgical standard and the recognition that the surgeon is the predominant prognostic factor. The benefit of preoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy (SCRT; five fractions each of 5 Gy), initially established by the Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial, has been demonstrated in conjunction with TME by the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. The concept of combined neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (conventional radiation of about 50 Gy with chemotherapy) has not been compared over surgery alone with TME. However, the German Rectal Cancer Study Group recently demonstrated that preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) was better than postoperative radiochemotherapy in terms of local control. METHODS: Patients with histological proven rectal cancer staged T2N+ or T3 are randomized to receive either SCRT (25 Gy in five fractions of 5 Gy) plus TME-surgery within 5 days or RCT (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions of 1.8 Gy, continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil) plus TME-surgery 4-6 weeks later. All patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy (12 weeks continuous infusional 5-FU) and are followed up for 5 years. TME-quality is independently documented by the surgeon and the pathologist. Hypothesis of the study is that RCT is superior to SCRT in terms of local recurrence after five years. Secondary endpoints are overall survival, disease-free survival, complete resection rate (R0 resection), rate of sphincter saving resection, acute and late toxicity (radiation related side effects), and quality of life (including long term bowel function). DISCUSSION: Similar long-term survival, local control and late morbidity have been reported for both concepts of preoperative therapy in non-comparative studies. In addition to other ongoing (and recently published) comparative trials we include a larger number of patients for adequate power, apply quality-controlled TME and try to avoid the adjuvant treatment bias by mandatory adjuvant chemotherapy in both groups. Further more, stratification of the initially planned surgical procedure and sphincter-preservation will generate valid evidence whether RCT will allow a less aggressive (sphincter saving) surgical approach

    Kosmetiikkamyyjän opas

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    Tämä työn tavoitteena oli luoda kosmetiikkamyyjälle opas. Opas on tarkoitettu kosmetiikan vähittäismyymälöissä ja tavarataloissa toimiville myyjille ja kosmetologiopiskelijoille. Opas on selkeä ja helppolukuinen kokonaisuus kosmetiikan myyntityöstä. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään myyntityötä yleensä. Myyjän toimivuus myyjänä liittyy ammattitaitoon tehdä myyntityötä. Myyjän on ymmärrettävä mistä myyntityö koostuu ja kyvystä käyttää itseään välineenä myynnin tekemisessä. Myyntityöhön liittyy olennaisesti hyvä asiakaspalvelu. Myyjän on osattava toimia asiakkaan toivomalla tavalla ja usein sitäkin paremmin. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään myyntityötä yleensä ja erilaisia myyntitekniikoita. Myyntiprosessin vaiheet käydään läpi tarkasti, koska niiden ymmärtäminen on myyjälle tärkeätä. Asiakkaan saapuminen liikkeeseen ja asiakkaan tervehtiminen ovat myyntitilanteen perusta. Tarvekartoitus, myyntikeskustelu, lisämyynti ja kaupanpäättäminen ovat myyntiprosessin tärkeimpiä ja vaikeimpia vaiheita ja ne on käytävä läpi oikeassa järjestyksessä. Nämä myyntiprosessin osa-alueet on myyntityössä hoidettava asiakkaan edut huomioiden. Viimeisessä luvussa esitellään huippumyyjä, mitä ominaisuuksia huippumyyjä omaa ja miten tullaan huippumyyjäksi. Kaikilla on mahdollisuus huipulle tässäkin lajissa. Se vaatii harjoittelua, sinnikkyyttä ja asiaan paneutumista sekä ennen kaikkea erinomaista motivaatiota. Varsinainen kosmetiikkamyyjän opas on erillinen kirjanen. Siinä käydään läpi käytännönläheisesti koko myyntiprosessi, asiakkaan vastaanottaminen, tarvekartoitus, tuote-esittely, kaupan päättäminen, lisämyynti ja asiakkaan poistuminen. Lopuksi esitellään huippumyyjän ominaisuudet.A guidebook for cosmetics salesperson The objective of this thesis was to create a guidebook for cosmetics salesperson. The guidebook is aimed at shop assistants in retail sales and department stores as well as beauty therapy students. The guidebook is clear and easy to read giving a comprehensive picture of cosmetics sales. The theory part of this thesis covers retail sales in general. How to work as a salesperson is linked to professional capability. The salespersons must understand the sales process as a whole and part of the process. One essential part of the sales process is great customer care. A salesperson must understand how to act the way customers are expecting – and often even better. The theory part studies different sales method. The stages of the sales process are covered in detail, because the understanding of these stages is essential for a salesperson. The customers’ arrival to the shop and greeting the customers are the basic elements in a sales situation. Mapping the customer needs, conversing with the client, generating additional sales and closing the sale are the most important and difficult parts in the sales process. These four parts of the sales process must always be based on customer benefits. The last chapter introduces top salespersons: what are their qualities and how to become a top salesperson. This demands a lot of training, persistence and delving into the subject as well as great motivation. The guidebook itself is a separate booklet. The booklet goes through the whole sales process in practise starting from the customers’ arrival, going through mapping the needs, introducing the products and closing the sale, as well as generating additional sales and dealing with customers leaving the shop. Top salespersons and their qualities are introduced at the end of the booklet
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